The verb TO BE

The verb TO BE
Ãëàãîë "to be" â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå.
Çíà÷åíèå ýòîãî ãëàãîëà - "áûòü, íàõîäèòüñÿ".  îòëè÷èå îò äðóãèõ àíãëèéñêèõ ãëàãîëîâ, ãëàãîë "to be" ñïðÿãàåòñÿ ( ò.å. èçìåíÿåòñÿ ïî ëèöàì è ÷èñëàì ):
I am - ÿ åñòü ( íàõîæóñü, ñóùåñòâóþ)
He is - îí åñòü (íàõîäèòñÿ, ñóùåñòâóåò)
She is- îíà åñòü (íàõîäèòñÿ, ñóùåñòâóåò)
It is - îí, îíà, îíî, ýòî (î íåîäóøåâëåííûõ ïðåäìåòàõ) åñòü
We are - ìû åñòü (íàõîäèìñÿ, ñóùåñòâóåì)
You are - òû, âû åñòü (íàõîäèòåñü, ñóùåñòâóåòå)
Òhey are - îíè åñòü (íàõîäÿòñÿ, ñóùåñòâóþò)
For example:
I am in the room. - ß íàõîæóñü â êîìíàòå.
The book is on the table. - Êíèãà ëåæèò íà ñòîëå.
 äàííûõ ïðèìåðàõ ãëàãîë "to be" ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïîëíîçíà÷íûì ãëàãîëîì. Òàê æå, êàê è â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, ãëàãîë "to be" ìîæåò áûòü ãëàãîëîì-ñâÿçêîé â èìåííîì ñêàçóåìîì ( â çíà÷åíèè "åñòü" ).  îòëè÷èå îò ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà, â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ãëàãîë-ñâÿçêà íèêîãäà íå îïóñêàåòñÿ , ïîñêîëüêó àíãëèéñêîå ïðåäëîæåíèå èìååò ñòðîãî ôèêñèðîâàííûé ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ: ïîäëåæàùåå (subject) + ñêàçóåìîå (verb) + äîïîëíåíèå (object).

I am a doctor. - ß âðà÷. (ß åñòü âðà÷.)
The weather is bad. - Ïîãîäà ïëîõàÿ.
They are from Paris. - Îíè èç Ïàðèæà.
Èòàê, ãëàãîë-ñâÿçêà "to be" â àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè íèêîãäà íå îïóñêàåòñÿ, ò.ê. îí âõîäèò â èìåííîå ñêàçóåìîå, è åãî ìåñòî ïîñëå ïîäëåæàùåãî. Íà ðóññêèé æå ÿçûê ãëàãîë "to be" â äàííûõ ñëó÷àÿõ íå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ. È, êîíå÷íî æå, âû ïåðåâåäåòå òàêèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, êàê "ß ñ÷àñòëèâ", "Êíèãà èíòåðåñíàÿ", "Îí íàø ó÷èòåëü", óïîòðåáèâ ãëàãîë "to be" â ïðàâèëüíîé ôîðìå: "I am happy", "The book is interesting", "He is our teacher".
Ãëàãîë "to be" íå òðåáóåò âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ âîïðîñèòåëüíîé èëè îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôîðìû. ×òîáû çàäàòü âîïðîñ íóæíî ïîñòàâèòü ãëàãîë "to be" ïåðåä ïîäëåæàùèì: "Am I happy?", "Is the book interesting?", "Is he our teacher?". À äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôîðìû äîñòàòî÷íî ïîñòàâèòü îòðèöàòåëüíóþ ÷àñòèöó "not" ïîñëå ãëàãîëà "to be": "I am not happy", "The book is not interesting", "He is not our teacher".  ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ÷àñòèöà "not" ÷àñòî ñëèâàåòñÿ ñ ãëàãîëîì "to be", îáðàçóÿ ñîêðàùåíèÿ: "isn't / aren't"; èëè ãëàãîë "to be" ñëèâàåòñÿ ñ ëè÷íûì ìåñòîèìåíèåì:"I'm / we're / you're / he's / she's / it's / they're."

+He is a student.
-He is not a student.
?Is he a student?
Yes, he is. No, he is not. (No, he isn't.)

+She is hungry.
-She is not hungry.
?Is she hungry?
Yes, she is. No, she is not. (No, she isn't.)