Speak, talk, say, tell

Speak, talk, say, tell

To speak

To speak ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì îòîáðàæàåò ôàêò ðå÷è, à íå å¸ ñîäåðæàíèå. Îí òàêæå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ, êîãäà ìû óêàçûâàåì ÿçûê, íà êîòîðîì ìû ãîâîðèì.  ñëó÷àå åñëè ÷åëîâåê ïðîèçíîñèò ðå÷ü, âûñòóïàåò íà ñîáðàíèè è ò.ï. òîæå ïðèìåíÿåòñÿ ãëàãîë to speak. Ïðèâåäåì íåñêîëüêî ïðèìåðîâ:

The President refused to speak to the waiting journalists.
I saw her in the street but we didn’t speak.
How many languages do you speak?

To talk

To talk áëèæå âñåãî ê ðóññêîìó «ðàçãîâàðèâàòü», «îáñóæäàòü». Â ïðèíöèïå, ýòîò ãëàãîë ïîõîæ íà to speak. To speak èìååò áîëåå ôîðìàëüíûé õàðàêòåð, à to talk áîëåå ðàçãîâîðíûé. Ïðèìåðû:

Who did you talk to?
We talked on the phone for over an hour.
When they start talking it’s hard to stop them.
What are you talking about?

To say
To say äîñòàòî÷íî òî÷íî ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ãëàãîëîì «ñêàçàòü». To say î÷åíü ÷àñòî èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ ââåäåíèÿ ïðÿìîé ðå÷è, âî ôðàçàõ òèïà «îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî…» èëè «Äà, äà, äà, — ñêàçàë Áèëë». Ïðèìåðû:

‘That was marvellous’ said Daniel.
Íå says he wants to come with us.
Did he say that?

To tell
To tell îçíà÷àåò «ðàññêàçûâàòü», «ïåðåäàâàòü èíôîðìàöèþ», «ñîîáùàòü ÷òî-ëèáî». ×àñòî ïîñëå íåãî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ êîñâåííîå èëè ïðÿìîå äîïîëíåíèå. Íàïðèìåð, «ß ñêàçàë åìó ñâîå èìÿ». Ïðèìåðû:

What did I tell you?
He told the news to everybody he saw
‘I’m ready to go now,’ he told her.

Áîëåå ïîäðîáíî:

Ãîâîðèòü ÷òî-òî, ðàçãîâàðèâàòü î ÷åì-òî èëè ñ êåì-òî:
Speak (formal)
Talk (informal)

Ò.å. åñëè âû ñêàæåòå: «Âñïîìíè …, âîò è îíî…», ó âàñ âñåãäà áóäåò 2 âàðèàíòà:
1. Speak of the devil.
2. Talk of the devil.

À êîãäà âàì áóäåò íåîáõîäèìî ñ êåì-òî ïîãîâîðèòü ïî òåëåôîíó, âûáèðàéòå ñàìè êàê ñêàçàòü:

1. Can I possibly speak to Mr. Davis?
2. Can I possibly talk to Mr. Davis?

Çàïîìíèòå òàêîé ìîìåíò (åñëè Âû íà÷èíàþùèé): speak TO smb. è talk TO smb.

È çàïîìíèòå òàêîé íþàíñ (åñëè Âû íå íà÷èíàþùèé): speak WITH smb. (ìîæíî), íî talk WITH smb. = ïîáîëòàòü\ïåðåêèíóòüñÿ ñëîâå÷êîì ñ êåì-òî (slang).

Âîò ïîýòîìó, äëÿ íà÷àëà ëó÷øå çàïîìíèòü, ÷òî ïîñëå SPEAK è TALK ñòàâèòñÿ TO, à ïîòîì óæå ïûòàòüñÿ ïåðåõîäèòü íà âàðèàöèè.

Say - ñêàçàòü ÷òî-òî:

«I’m bored», — he said.
He said that he would buy some beer.
They said that they didn’t live in that house.

Say smth. to smb. II. - ñêàçàòü ×ÒÎ-ÒÎ êîìó-òî.

You can say it to him right now.
I will say it to her when I see her.
Say this word to me, please.

Tell - ñêàçàòü ÊÎÌÓ-ÒÎ ÷òî-òî:

He told ME that he was bored.
He told ME that he would buy some beer.
They told US that they didn’t live in that house.

Tell - ðàññêàçàòü ÷òî-òî\o ÷åì-òî (èñòîðèþ, ñêàçêó è ò.ä.) èëè ðàññêàçàòü êîìó-òî ÷òî-òî.

I will tell you about it later.
They told about this tour a week ago.
He told about his plan.
Tell me about your family.