Ìîäàëüíûå ãëàãîëû - èõ äîëæåí çíàòü êàæäûé

Ìîäàëüíûå ãëàãîëû - èõ äîëæåí çíàòü êàæäûé

Ìîäàëüíûå ãëàãîëû â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå îòëè÷àþòñÿ îò îñòàëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ òåì, ÷òî îíè íå èñïîëüçóþòñÿ ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíî è íå îáîçíà÷àþò êîíêðåòíîãî äåéñòâèÿ èëè ñîñòîÿíèÿ, îíè îòðàæàþò åãî ìîäàëüíîñòü, òî åñòü îòíîøåíèå ê íåìó ãîâîðÿùåãî. Âìåñòå ìîäàëüíûé ãëàãîë è èíôèíèòèâ çíà÷àùåãî ãëàãîëà îáðàçóþò ñîñòàâíîå ìîäàëüíîå ñêàçóåìîå (compound modal predicate):

I can play volleyball.
ß óìåþ èãðàòü â âîëåéáîë.

Î êàêîì èìåííî îòíîøåíèè èäåò ðå÷ü? Íàïðèìåð, ãîâîðÿùèé ìîæåò îöåíèâàòü äåéñòâèå êàê âîçìîæíîå, íåîáõîäèìîå, ðàçðåøàåìîå, ïðîñèìîå, çàïðåùåííîå, ïðèêàçûâàåìîå, ìàëîâåðîÿòíîå, î÷åíü âåðîÿòíîå è ò. ä.:

ß ïîåäó â Ëîíäîí.
ß ìîãó ïîåõàòü â Ëîíäîí.
ß äîëæåí ïîåõàòü â Ëîíäîí.
Ìîæíî ÿ ïîåäó â Ëîíäîí?

 çàâèñèìîñòè îò òàêîé îöåíêè è ñòðóêòóðû ïðåäëîæåíèÿ íóæíî èñïîëüçîâàòü îäèí èç ñëåäóþùèõ àíãëèéñêèõ ìîäàëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ.

Ìîäàëüíûå ãëàãîëû â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå:

Can / Could
May / Might
Must
Have to / Have got to
Be to
Need
Ought to
Should
Would
Shall
Will
Dare
Used to

×àùå âñåãî èñïîëüçóþòñÿ ïåðâûå òðè: Can, May è Must. Ýòè ãëàãîëû èìåþò ñàìîå îáùåå çíà÷åíèå è èíîãäà ìîãóò çàìåíÿòü ñîáîé îñòàëüíûå ìîäàëüíûå ãëàãîëû.

Âîïðîñèòåëüíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñ ìîäàëüíûìè ãëàãîëàìè îáðàçóþòñÿ áåç âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to do, ïðè ýòîì ìîäàëüíûé ãëàãîë âûíîñèòñÿ â íà÷àëî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ:

Shall I help you?
Ìíå ïîìî÷ü?

Could you give me his address?
Íå äàäèòå ìíå åãî àäðåñ?

Îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà ìîäàëüíîãî ãëàãîëà îáðàçóåòñÿ ïîñòàíîâêîé ïîñëå íåãî ÷àñòèöû not. Çà÷àñòóþ, îñîáåííî â óñòíîé ðå÷è, îíè ñëèâàþòñÿ â ñîêðàùåííóþ ôîðìó:

Ïîëíàÿ ôîðìà/Ñîêðàùåííàÿ ôîðìà
May not/Mayn’t
Must not/ Mustn’t
Should not/ Shouldn’t
Will not/ Won’t
Shall not/ Shan’t
Can not/ Can’t

Òàêæå íàäî çàïîìíèòü, ÷òî ïîñëå ìîäàëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ, êðîìå ãëàãîëîâ ought to, have (got) to è be to, ñëåäóåò òàê íàçûâàåìûé «ãîëûé èíôèíèòèâ» (bare infinitive), òî åñòü èíôèíèòèâ áåç ÷àñòèöû to:

I must go.
ß äîëæåí èäòè.